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Si-PIN photodiodes were used as detector elements in the design for their low costs and simplicity for signal readout electronics.
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Each element of the FGDs is described, including the wavelength shifting fiber and Multi-Pixel Photon Counter used to collect the light signals, the readout electronics, and the calibration system.
A reduction in the charge collection efficiency due to charge losses to a second metal layer (used for routing the signal to the readout electronics in LHCb-VELO sensors) has been measured.
The collected charge is converted to timing signals through specially designed readout electronics based on the MQT300A LeCroy integrated circuit.
Moreover, the analog photodiodes array readout electronics signals will be converted to digital using a compact Sigma-delta converter, already studied by the research group [ 24].
X-rays are converted to light in a layer of thallium-doped CsI, then the light is converted to electrical signals by a-Si photodiodes and the signal is multiplexed to the readout electronics by thin-film transistors (TFT) consisting of a-Si deposited on a glass substrate.
Therefore, the signal detection is improved, reducing readout electronics design effort.
A test circuit has been equipped with a micro mesh gaseous structure (micromegas) for signal amplification and a dedicated readout electronics.
The back illuminated CCD is equipped with on-chip multiplication gain, where the signal is amplified before the readout electronics.
The 2 × 2 non-continuous SAW array could be controlled by a multiplexing technique and sensor signals could be obtained by readout electronics with an 89C51 microprocessor.
Further improvements of tracking efficiency and spatial resolution at high counting rates will be achieved with upgraded readout electronics employing improved signal shaping for high counting rates.
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