Results are translated to biological organs as muscles constituted by chemical molecular machines working under demand of higher energies by brain suggesting how the back signal informing the brain about the working energetic conditions can be generated.
Two hours later another signal informed them that another two Hunt class destroyers, and, had been dispatched at full speed to join the convoy.
Ghrelin was identified as endogenous ligand for the GH secretagogue receptor (GHS R) and a peripheral metabolic signal informing the brain about stomach nutrient load [ 17, 24].
The long, signaling-competent isoform of the leptin receptor (OB-Rb) shows high expression peaks in the feeding centers of the hypothalamus [ 21], consistent with leptin being the afferent signal informing the CNS of the body fat status.
Alternatively, activated forms of signalling molecules (e.g. pErk) can be retrogradely transported to the cell body, and may act as an 'injury signal', informing the cell body of the injury occurring distally (Perlson et al., 2005; Reynolds et al., 2001; Sung et al., 2001).
Retrograde signaling informs the nucleus of changing metabolic demands initiated at the mitochondria, leading to an up regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis 17191719
"People have very fast emotional reactions to events that serve as signals, informing them what to do.
All kinds of signals inform cells where they are at a given time, where their neighbors are, what they are supposed to do next and how and when to stop, Dr. Shapiro said.
