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Thus spread spectrum also provides an implicit coordination between transmitter and receiver by reducing the ambiguity as to the signal character.
This model is significantly less complex than many previous models describing the yeast pheromone/MAPK system, yet we will show it contains all the necessary components to describe the recent experimental investigations into the mechanisms of output signal character.
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Convergence (or independent evolution) of the signal characters, therefore, is essential only for the so-called Müllerian mimicry, and thus Müllerian mimicry is distinguished from other cases of signal standardization.
The typical (Batesian) mimicry merges into Müllerian mimicry if the difference between the consequences for the receiver of reacting similarly to model and mimic diminishes; and by homology of the signal characters it further merges into general signal standardization.
An additional advantage is that the model is known to be the final stage toward which the mimic will evolve (so far as the signal characters are concerned), thus indicating a trend in evolution that is still operating and that probably over time will further elaborate the mimetic signals.
As elsewhere, on MRI these lesions demonstrate signal characters corroborating with various stages of blood degradation.
Strong natural selection pressure may also force a shift in signal characters.
The katydids exhibit a range of behaviours and signal characters which reduce predation by these bats, including signalling by substrate-borne vibrations.
Since males with more conspicuous signals attract more females, but also have a higher cost of predation risk [6], [9] [11], there exists a trade-off between sexual selection via female choice and natural selection via predators and/or parasitoids, which is most obvious in the fact that predators and parasitoids often prefer the same signal characters as females do [4], [10] [13].
Differences in signalling characters often initially evolve as a by-product of divergent ecological selection in allopatry [ 9, 10].
Besides, you can see Fields's flowing tie and spats, which together with the rest of his outfit signal the character's essence.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com