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After initial recognition of stress by cells, a signal transduction cascade is triggered through secondary messengers that transmit the signal, activating responsive genes and generating an initial response.
For low values of A, the external signal activating Oct4, the Oct4/Sox2/Nanog switch fails to turn on, and the balance between Oct4 and Cdx2 tips in favor of Cdx2.
Rapid release of ATP into the extracellular environment from distressed or injured eukaryotic cells due to pathogens or other etiological factors can serve as a "danger signal", activating host innate immunity.
Since exposure of the mb-IL-15 present on PB-HP to the soluble IL-15Rα/Fc Chimera (s-IL-15Rα) induces a reverse signal activating the MAPkinase ERK (Fig. 1F), we investigated if other signaling pathways were modified after incubation of PB-NKP with the soluble receptor.
Thus, extracellular Hsps act as a "danger signal," activating immune-competent cells through LPS TLR4/CD14-dependent signaling [ 103].
Downstream of NMN, possible mechanisms include direct actions on an essential protein or a signal activating an axon degeneration program.
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Either constitutively active or signal activated PP2A may modulate IKKβ activity.
The START signal activates the CINM and it acknowledges the CU with READY signal.
When an interaction is required, this signal activates a social affordance.
The signal activates the serine/threonine kinases termed MAPKKK, which phosphorylate the MAPK kinases (MAPKK).
DDR signal activates a rapid signal transduction pathway, regulating the cell fate based on the damaged cell condition.
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