It has been noted that differences in haplotype frequencies and linkage disequilibrium, as well as other factors such as unmodeled interactions, can induce changes in the sign of effect size estimates [31], [32].
Let the data be represented by a 1-dimensional array with values "+," "−," or "0" (the sign of effect for each participant).
We furthermore demonstrate that candidate imprinted loci can be found by analysing sex-specific imprinting effects as opposed to pooled data because the sign of effect can be opposite in the two sexes and phenotypic patterns can be different.
However, the degrees of impacts or the signs of effects may be different depending on the stations.
If β = 0, inclusion of the true causal effect, exclusion of incorrect effects and consistency of signs of effects follow from Theorem 3 of Shojaie and Michailidis (2010b).
No signs of effect modification were found in the subgroup of patients who presented with sepsis, nor in relation to the severity of illness at the time of admission to the intensive care unit (see supplementary table 2).
The sign of age effects in a hedonic regression is not necessarily restricted to be either positive or negative.
The following table shows the sign of these effects as a function of the elasticity of substitutions ρ 1, ρ 2 and ρ d.
He gave no sign of the effects of such killings by a foreign power out of reach in the sky.
Rapalog-induced dyslipidemia is a benevolent sign of therapeutic effects.
