We also include the microsystem variables of friend smoking, sibling smoking, exposure to smoking in movies and team sports participation.
Furthermore, in sibling analyses restricted to exposure in first year of life, the associations disappeared for all groups of antibiotics.
In sibling analyses, the excess risks after exposure to antibiotics for respiratory infections decreased (2.36, 1.78 to 3.13) and disappeared for antibiotics for urinary tract and skin (0.85, 0.47 to 1.55).
Incidence rates and hazard ratios were calculated for children whose sibling had been injured in the previous 180 days compared with children without such exposure, adjusted for age, sex, sibling group size, and noninjury health care utilization.
To test the hypothesis that sibling pairs, who share genes and environmental exposures, might have similar phenotypic expressions of sarcoidosis beyond what would be expected by chance alone.
Within sibling analyses may also be particularly susceptible to measurement error in the exposure variable.
We found that oviposition depression in exposed teacher females was persistent for an additional 24-hr post wasp exposure (learned depression: 48 72 hr), relative to age-matched, unexposed, sibling controls.
We used a sibling population with data on mode of delivery and other perinatal exposures as well as asthma medication and specialist care diagnoses from the Swedish national health registers.
Exposure to mild family discord, acute life events, chronic difficulties and sibling psychiatric illness peaked in early adolescence.
The observed exposure measure was self-reported breast cancer history in any FDR – a parent, sibling or child – by the index subject.
