Laboratory and field studies have shown improved efficacy of these preparations for both individual and mass protection.
In recurrent GBM patients, both studies of standard dose TMZ with either IFN or PEG showed improved efficacy when compared to historical controls, or reports using TMZ alone.
Moreover, substitution of oxaliplatin for cisplatin has proven to be more tolerable and has shown improved efficacy in an exploratory subgroup analysis in patients aged ⩾65 years with metastatic gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma (Al-Batran et al, 2008b).
Genes such as rpoB or sodA have been suggested as substitutes for 16S rRNA and have shown improved efficacy in species identification [ 27], although it remains unlikely that a single gene can always reflect the subtle differences between genomes of the same species.
Compared to marketed unmodified sCT, sCT-PEG-BP showed significantly improved efficacy in terms of preserving bone volume, BMD and trabecular micro-architecture in osteoporotic rats at the initial dose tested.
Compared with analgesic medication alone, combinations of caffeine with analgesic medications, including acetaminophen, acetylsalicylic acid, and ibuprofen, showed significantly improved efficacy in the treatment of patients with TTH or migraine, with favorable tolerability in the vast majority of patients.
However, the facts presented in this study suggest that utilization of Ad-based vaccines expressing TLR agonists may show significantly improved efficacy in human populations.
Kabbinavar et al. [ 15] previously showed slightly improved efficacy with bevacizumab 5 mg/kg plus chemotherapy versus bevacizumab 10 mg/kg plus chemotherapy as first-line therapy in mCRC, although the study was small and there were imbalances favoring the low-dose group at randomization.
As one recent example, the experimental drug posiphen, a chirally pure positive enantiomer of phenserine and β-amyloid precursor protein (βAPP) synthesis inhibitor, has shown a significantly improved efficacy against multiple AD-relevant targets, at least in proof-of-principal phase I testing [ 4].
Bupropion was introduced for smoking cessation following a pivotal trial showing that it gave improved efficacy over the nicotine patch and also suggesting combination treatment was beneficial.
The outcome of the individual studies differed as the Danish study (n=63) showed a trend towards improved efficacy in favour of IL-2/HDC, whereas the UK study (n=41) was negative for all end points (Donskov et al, 2005).
