In an aggregated (amyloid fibril, protofibril, or low molecular weight oligomer) state, Aβ has been consistently shown to be toxic to neurons, but the molecular mechanism of this toxicity is poorly understood.
Consistent with this notion, treatments with AMPA or KCl have shown to increase [Ca2+]i without causing toxicity, whereas equally high Ca2+ loads were shown to be toxic when Ca2+ enters via the NMDA channels.
In addition, high concentrations of ammonia have been shown to be toxic to some cyanobacteria (Drath et al. 2008), while no such toxicity has been reported for nitrate.
Positively charged liposomes were shown to be toxic.
Among the most extensively studied of these solutes is p-cresol, which has been shown to be toxic in vitro.
Once they were shown to be toxic, pesticides like diazinon and chlorpyrifos — both of which affect the nervous system — took their place.
Surround has not been shown to be toxic to the insect and as such, is an important tool for use in resistant management strategies for this insect.
However, CM has been shown to be toxic to renal tissue due to its ionic strength and osmolarity and as a result of iodine-induced cytotoxicity, which has raised concern over whether there are similar negative effects on disc cells.
Bupivacaine has been shown to be toxic to articular cartilage, which has similarities to intervertebral disc (IVD) cartilage, raising concern over a potentially negative effect of bupivacaine on the disc.
It is the first time to our knowledge that Aβ aggregates with a typical morphology of dense plaques are obtained within a porous biomimetic matrix, and are shown to be toxic only when accessible to differentiating cells.
High intakes of Mn through both inhalational exposure and drinking water have been shown to be toxic (IMFNB 2002).
