In our study, CRH-BP variation showed the same direction of relationship to alpha power in two independent populations.
Importantly, all 88 of these validated CpG sites in phase II also showed the same direction of methylation change as phase I (Figure 2).
The top associations consistently showed the same direction for each quantitative trait tested, in agreement with our observations of multivariate linkage analysis [24].
It is interesting to note that the majority of behavior-identified genes (395/404; 98%) showed the same direction of change with age (negatively correlated genes were decreased with age, positively correlated behavior genes were increased).
From the nine genes reported in three studies (ATP5C1, CA2, CYP51A1, FN1, HSP90AB1, IQGAP1, RPS5, SPP1, and TXN), only CYP51A1 and SPP1 showed the same direction in expression change in all three studies (Table S1).
Whilst the degree of skewing was subject to some change over time, the direction of XCI skewing remained largely stable between ages 5 and 10. 92.3% of individuals with allelic XCI skewing of greater than 10% (i.e. XCI ratio >60∶40 or <40∶60) showed the same direction of allelic skewing across both ages.
Three different gene lists were considered for the subsequent enrichment analysis: all unique, annotated genes reported (1475 genes) (Table S2); those genes reported in at least two GEP studies (124 genes) (Table S1); and the ones which additionally showed the same direction in gene expression change, either up- or down-regulation, in two GEP studies (54 genes) (Table S1).
Furthermore, the allelic direction of XCI skewing was stable across ages 5 and 10; 92.3% of individuals with allelic XCI skewing of greater than 10% (i.e. XCI ratio >60∶40 or <40∶60) showed the same direction of allelic skewing across both ages.
Partial regression coefficients from phylogenetic models for the effects of PUFAs, n-6 PUFAs, and MUFAs were statistically significant (Protocol S3) and showed the same direction of effects and similar effect sizes as indicated by our GAMM approach of data analysis.
Not all participants showed the same direction of scale recalibration.
