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The study indicates that, when ignition electrodes were used for detection, the current showed ignition, front-flame and post-flame stages.
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The experimental results show ignition within ∼3 s at 2.1-GHz, 100-W microwave injection, in agreement with the theoretical model.
Moreover, we introduce a reaction zone Péclet number (PRZ) indicating the diffusivity ratio between turbulence and chemical reaction, such that the aforementioned very scattering MIE data depending on Ka and ϕ can be collapsed into a single curve having two drastically different increasing slopes with PRZ which are separated by a critical PRZ ≈ 4.5 showing ignition transition.
Overall, the samples showed better ignition and combustion characteristics under higher oxygen pressure.
In experimental results, the twin PJs developed in this paper showed that ignition in supersonic flow was successful for both fuels of H2 and hydrocarbon, even at the lowest electric power input to the PJs (about 2.5 kW in total for two torches).
The ignition tests show that ignitions are possible even at low velocities.
Reaction path analysis before ignition showed that for high-temperature ignitions, methane consumption for fuel-lean mixtures was by OH and O radicals, while for fuel-rich mixtures, it was by H and OH radicals.
It was found that fuels which contained the structure -CH2-CH2-CH2 showed two-stage ignition with relatively short ignition delays and that the ignition delay depended strongly on the energy released during the first-stage.
It is observed that MA consistently shows longer ignition delay times than the other three esters, while MF and MB have comparable ignition delay times but different activation energies.
Figure 8b shows the ignition potential distribution along the road and railroad.
The overall results show that ignition timing can be used as an alternative way for predicting the performance of internal combustion engines.
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