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To illustrate, let us generate random data that show a spurious correlation between height and salary.
An additional consideration is that models estimated in levels may show a spurious correlation, since most economic time series are non-stationary in the mean and show trend patterns (Granger and Newbold 1974).
Indeed, even if the probability for one gene expression level to show a spurious correlation with the disease within the given data set is as small as 10−, an analysis of data streaming from this experiment with 4 × 104 genes will almost certainly produce many false positives.
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A long-term study that showed a spurious correlation between the numbers of stork nests and human births is widely used in the teaching of basic statistics as an example to highlight that correlation does not necessarily indicate causation.
Hence, whenever a trait shows a spurious linkage, many correlated traits will likely map to the same locus, creating a spurious expression (e QTL hotspot.
Of course, there is always the possibility of a spurious correlation.
Clinton's supporters deserve to know whether this apparent statistical anomaly is the result of a hack against our election system or a spurious correlation.
Our conclusions are robust because four alternative hypotheses that may generate a spurious correlation between grazing and coral recruitment were tested and rejected.
A spurious correlation in a third attribute, for example, can reduce the uncertainty between the other two.
The impact of cultural diversity on an economy is confounded due to the possibility of reverse causality, whereby Eq. (2) results in a spurious correlation (Friedberg and Hunt 1995).
Neglecting to control for age could therefore create a spurious correlation between trust in the home country and trust in the United States.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com