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The magnetization measurements show a paramagnetic behaviour and no evidence of ferromagnetism.
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It is clear that at 400°C, the zinc ferrite/silica nanoparticles show a ferromagnetic behavior compared with the sample fired at 800°C which shows a paramagnetic behavior.
The temperature dependence of the high field term shows a paramagnetic-like behaviour and follows exactly the Curie Weiss law.
From the magnetic point of view, 1 and 2 behave as ferromagnets, whereas 3 and 4 show a paramagnetic behavior.
However, Ren et al. [15] have reported a paramagnetic behaviour of cobalt-doped ZnS nanoparticles.
Synthesized material presents a paramagnetic behaviour with weak antiferromagnetic interactions and zero-field splitting at low temperature (T < 50 K).
Both 1 and 2 showed the paramagnetic behaviour, while 3 exhibited an antiferromagnetic interaction, ascribed to the formation of pseudobinuclear units by the π···π stacking between pyridine rings.
However ZnO2 show paramagnetic behaviour, whereas graphene exhibits very low magnetic intensity (0.0004 emu g−1).
Fig. 8 Magnetization curve of synthesized manganese ferrite (black), APS conjugated manganese ferrite (red) and biotin conjugated manganese ferrite (green) nanoparticles clearly showing super paramagnetic behaviour.
With the increase of the firing temperature up to 800°C the hysteresis loop of the zinc ferrite nanoparticles shows a typical paramagnetic behavior.
Most of the samples show a non-Newtonian behaviour.
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