The top five complications were musculoskeletal pain, shoulder subluxation, depression, spasticity and joint contracture.
The brachial plexus provocation test (BPPT) was performed as described previously and in the following sequence: gentle shoulder girdle depression, glenohumeral abduction and external rotation in the coronal plane, forearm supination, wrist and finger extension, and elbow extension [ 40].
With the participant supine the test will be performed in the following sequence: gentle scapular depression, shoulder abduction, forearm supination combined with wrist and finger extension, shoulder external rotation and elbow extension [ 37].
A personal interview survey was conducted on first-year university students (n = 1,930) regarding symptoms of TMD, aural problems, headache, shoulder pain and depression.
Before the dental examination each subject completed a self-administered questionnaire regarding experiences of tinnitus, otalgia, vertigo, headache, depression, shoulder pain, and symptoms of TMD.
Some participants described that previous treatments of their health problems had focused on the specific cause of sickness absence, such as a painful shoulder or a depression, and not the overall picture.
The RNT involves passive scapular depression, shoulder girdle abduction and internal rotation, elbow extension, forearm pronation and wrist and finger flexion to the point of symptom production [ 2, 5, 6].
Among 214 patients, 198 had completed data in case record form, therefore 152 (76.8%) patients had at least one complication including musculoskeletal pain, shoulder subluxation, anxiety, depression, incontinence, spasticity, dysphagia, pressure ulcer, infection and joint contracture.
Percentages of female subjects in all TMD-positive groups were higher than the TMD-negative group except for group I and group V. Table 3 shows the relationships of TMD symptoms to otalgia, vertigo, tinnitus, headache, shoulder pain and depression.
