"The government should back the funding pledges of an additional £8bn by 2020/21 as a minimum and cover immediate shortfalls in funding for 2015/16.
What to do, then, for the re-elected executive administration, ordered by the judicial branch to increase education spending but facing revenue shortfalls created by tax cuts?
Nice recommended a systematic approach to matching nurse staffing to patient need, using "red-flag" indicators to detect staffing shortfalls.
Gove argued that the change would make up the shortfalls in subjects such as computer science, engineering and languages, bringing state schools more in line with private schools where qualified teacher status is often desirable but not mandatory.
This is not a response to threats but self-made capability shortfalls.
Indeed, ever since protective head gear was adopted there have been fairly regular and disturbing examples of players receiving sickening blows (for the strong of stomach, see here, here and here).Despite these shortfalls, few want to return to a time before head protection.
California-style tussles over prospective pension rights, says Josh Rauh at Stanford University, are one of the three battlegrounds for state and local governments facing pension shortfalls, along with the cost-of-living adjustments applied to pension benefits and the effect of municipal bankruptcies on pensioners.
Supply shortfalls in grains and other foodstuffs have contributed to higher commodity prices.
In Illinois the governor, Pat Quinn, has made pension reform a priority, but has not yet convinced lawmakers to put a comprehensive deal on his desk.In the end, as with Detroit, it may take a financial crisis for states and cities to face up to the scale of their pension shortfalls.
This makes it troubling that many cities and states, struggling to make up budget shortfalls, have put schools on the chopping block.
And these deficits come on top of already planned shortfalls of €29 billion in 2004 and €21 billion in 2005.
