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Keynes spent a good part of his magnum opus, The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money, refuting Say's Law – the proposition that income must be spent, so that shortfalls of demand are impossible, and government spending in particular cannot add to demand.
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Today, we face a profound shortfall of demand.
But entrepreneurs can be crippled by a shortfall of demand for the goods and services they offer.
The economy is suffering from a profound shortfall of demand, and most forecasts call for only anemic growth over the next few years.
Faced with a chronic shortfall of demand in the economy, Friedman said, the government could print a bunch of money and drop it from helicopters.
The immediate problem was a huge shortfall of demand, as the private sector moved from large financial deficit to large financial surplus.
Even if you believe America has suffered from a shortfall of demand in the past five years, surely the blame cannot be pinned on the Iraq war.
These reports have led to a debate about whether such mismatches, rather than a shortfall of demand, explain both the outsize increase in unemployment in the Great Recession and the disappointing pace of recovery.
Leading off for the Hayekians, Ned Phelps, the recipient of a Nobel in 2006, says that despite nine per cent unemployment there is no shortfall of demand in the economy.
So: an overall shortfall of demand, in which people just don't want to buy enough goods to maintain full employment, can only happen in a monetary economy; it's correct to say that what's happening in such a situation is that people are trying to hoard money instead (which is the moral of the story of the baby-sitting coop).
That kept the economy growing until crisis struck.Of course, a more redistributive set of policies would look attractive from a short-term perspective even if redistribution was less benign over longer time periods, because much of the rich world is stuck facing a chronic shortfall of demand.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com