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Increased estrogen levels have been hypothesized to improve sleep by shortening sleep latencies [ 18]; reducing nocturnal restlessness and nighttime awakenings [ 11, 19]; decreasing movement arousals [ 7]; improving sleep efficiency [ 20]; and increasing REM sleep [ 8, 21, 22].
In addition, since short sleep duration has been found to be a risk factor for diabetes, hypertension, and all-cause mortality [ 41], long working hours could increase the risk of chronic medical conditions by shortening sleep duration [ 42].
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Shortened sleep duration has also been linked to increased appetite and obesity.
Sleep health is compromised during the college years; college students have shortened sleep duration and often keep inconsistent sleep schedules.
These findings suggest that daytime exercise shortened sleep latency and prolonged slow-wave sleep, and that the subjects fell asleep more easily on exercise days.
To confirm that this mutation shortens sleep, Fu and colleagues engineered mice to carry the mutant form of DEC2.
However, high socioeconomic status, media use and homework were found to shorten sleep time.
With the ready accessibility of television, computer, and other digital devices in most families, programs to promote a healthy lifestyle by reducing screen and video game time are needed because media use was found to shorten sleep time.
Shortened sleep may also affect serum levels of leptin and ghrelin, leading to an increased appetite and reduced energy expenditure, thus increasing the risk of overweight and obesity (Chaput et al. 2007; Taheri et al. 2004).
The results show that midmorning RTD delays REM sleep latency during following night-time sleep, whereas evening RTD shortens REM sleep latency in previous studies, and suggest that the serotonin control of REM sleep latency is upregulated.
It can be speculated that objective sleep abnormalities (like shortened REM sleep latency) previously reported in depressed children and adolescents in stable recovery [ 19] might have been present in our remitted subjects even in the absence of subjective sleep complaints.
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