The macropores in the hollow structure can act as a Na+ transport system, shortening pathways for the diffusion of Na+, thus leading to faster reaction kinetics in hollow nanostructures.
The loose nanoporous structure could shorten pathway and facilitate diffusion for Li ion.
The nanoscaled multi-winding membranes provide shortened pathway for rapid e-/Li+ transport, and empty channels allowing for free volume expansion of the Si without mechanical breaking.
The chain-shortening pathway has not been characterized at the enzymatic level in insects, but it was noted in a couple of cases that mutations in the β-oxidation pathway did affect the final pheromone compositions.
APC mutations may shorten pathways to cancer by effectively increasing the numbers of stem cells at risk.
Certain APC mutations may be common in colorectal cancer because they enhance stem cell survival during niche clonal evolution and shorten pathways by effectively increasing subsequent numbers of stem cells at risk.
A demonstrated track record of funding also contributes to shortening the pathway to an independent scientific career (Tabak, 2012).
It seems that protective muscles are selectively activated in a specific pattern in order to protect the radial nerve from mechanical tension by shortening its pathway, suggesting integration of muscle and neural mechanisms.
It seemed possible that the muscles were reflexively activated in order to protect the peripheral nerves in the most logical way; by shortening their pathway and opposing the manipulation movement.
While all the tested muscles showed a highly significant decrease in EMG activity, the largest change was in muscles that may exert a protective effect on the radial nerve and its posterior interosseus branch by means of shortening their pathway in front of the elbow joint and shoulder.
Shortening long pathways could, therefore, increase growth rate.
