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Generalized wide area protection including wide area relay protection (WARP) helps to assist main protection to improve adaptability, simplify cooperation strategy and shorten action time [12].
Their claim was supported by work that demonstrated that epinephrine can accelerate hemodynamic recovery [ 4], reverse slowed action potential conduction, shorten action potential duration, and improve myocardial contractility in the face of increased plasma concentrations of bupivacaine [ 5].
In general, agents and interventions that increase K+ conductance (Gk) shorten action potential duration (APD) and tend to have negative inotropic effects, whereas agents that decrease K+ current lengthen APD and may have positive inotropic effects [ 27].
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We found that both ICA-105574 and NS1643 concentration-dependently shortened action potential duration (APD) in ventricular myocytes, and QT/QTc intervals in isolated guinea-pig hearts.
It shortened action potential duration (APD) in isolated rat ventricular myocytes, and increased the threshold current for triggering action potential, but had no effect on the inward rectifier K+ current IK1.
In turn, this shortens action membrane potential and prevents influx of Ca2 + and Ca2 + overload, which is cardioprotective [2].
It is traditional view that the activation of KATP channels shortens action membrane potential resulting in decreased influx of Ca2+ and prevention of Ca2+ overload [30].
Persistent atrial arrhythmias are associated with ectopic beats [ 6], shortened action potentials [ 1, 7], and high rates of tissue excitation [ 8].
The chain shortening action of AMSH is consistent with its high selectivity for Lys63-linked chains; it can disassemble Lys63-linked chains but perhaps cannot remove ubiquitin completely from the cargo.
In fact, terfenadine, which also shortened action potential duration in the SCREENIT test system (10 µM [ 23]), has recently been suggested to cause arrhythmias not by a TdP mechanism, but by its strong INa-blocking activity [ 46].
Traditionally, it has been suggested that the opening of sarcolemmal KATP channels shortens action membrane potential, prevent influx of Ca2+ and intracellular Ca2+ overload, which is the main cause of cellular death in metabolic stress [reviewed in 2].
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