There were no funds to modernize factories, and the promised "market socialism" materialized as a shortage economy characterized by long queues and empty shelves.
In the post-Soviet era private-sector services grew dramatically, and many of the shortages that characterized the previous era were eliminated.
According to the experts, staff shortages are characterized by the fact that certain skills are not available within the HR market.
The lack of detailed algebraic models, the concomitant difficulties for assessing the statistical consistence of the results and designing definite experiments, and a certain shortage in characterizing criteria are some of the causes hindering the advances in a field which is per se very complex.
This leads to the issues of excess parking costs and parking shortages which characterize the iterative process in campus parking pricing and supply policies.
A traditional response has been expressed in Africa for example, where water shortages have long characterized the plight of remote villagers reliant on wells, local or sometimes a long walk away, inadequate to either the needs of garden irrigation, herd animals, or the personal needs for drinking water and hygiene.
In the period of the early Roman Empire, German weapons, both offensive and defensive, were characterized by shortage of metal.
The most important aspect of the study is that the observation of patients was protracted for 48 h, in a clinical condition characterized by shortage of sophisticated diagnostic instruments.
Some have characterized this shortage as the result of a "leaky pipeline" (Alper 1993; Leboy 2008; Valla & Ceci 2014) through which students, especially women and other underrepresented groups, leave STEM fields.
The Tanzanian health system is characterized by shortage of health care providers, which affects also intervention aimed at improving health care delivery [ 25- 27].
