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However, the response mechanisms behind such shoot reductions were contrastingly different for each grass.
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Pintos et al. [ 42] reported F. temperatum seedling malformations, chlorosis, shoot reduction and stalk rot in maize growing in inoculated soil.
At canopy scale, the shoot simplification induces reduction of the leaf area index of 4–––––––STAR where –––––––STAR corresponds to the hemispherically averaged silhouette to needle area ratio.
In the absence of PGPR, NaCl salinity significantly enhanced the leaf B and salt toxic ions concentrations, thereby resulting in the shoot growth reduction when compared with the control.
There are also other potential links between NO3− utilisation and shoot growth: reduction of NO3− in the shoot is functionally linked to photosynthesis and may hence be assimilated and used for growth in above-ground tissues.
Exposure to CuONPs resulted in suppression of shoot-growth, reduction in total chlorophyll and carotenoids contents as well modification of root system architecture such as shortening of primary and lateral roots.
The reductions in shoot dry weight, photosynthesis rate and transpiration rate of IR62266 by soil drought were greater than those of CT9993.
That these differences were due to P deficiency was evident from reductions in shoot and root P concentrations of about 50% relative to the fertilized control.
Salinity-induced reductions in shoot dry weights of plants harvested before PI were significant, but there were no significant differences among timing treatments.
By the first harvest (2 months after establishment) there were significant reductions in shoot mass and survival for five species exposed to browsing, while plants at high density were 25% smaller than widely spaced plants.
This indicates that reductions in shoot growth and the concomitant reduction of cumulative transpired water were associated with restrictions of leaf gas exchange under drought conditions in these two grasses.
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