The typology of shocking warnings does not appear to be noticed in those who exhibit different levels of nicotine dependence.
The multivariate logistics analysis confirmed significant higher effect the shocking warnings in younger and lower dependent smokers (see Table 4), respectively, OR = 0.59 for older smokers (CI95%: 0.36 0.97) and OR = 0.46 for high nicotine dependence (CI95%: 0.26 0.84).
The younger group (<45 years), who are more motivated to quit (Mondor's score ≥ 12), and females showed a higher effectiveness of shocking warnings to reduce tobacco consumption of, 76%, 78%, and 43%, respectively with P < 0.05.
Addictional two different types of warnings were shown to the smokers during the interview (see Figures 1(a) and 1(b)): only text (current warning used in Italy, i.e., "Smoking kills") and pictorial "shocking" warnings (i.e., the corpse of a smoker, diseased lungs, throat cancer, and rotting teeth).
This research suggests that, beyond communicating the health risks of smoking and protecting nonsmokers from the harmful effects of environmental tobacco smoke, the pictorial shocking warnings encourage to stop smoking or "to horrify" for good purposes the ones more motivated to quit, the young, and the female smokers.
The Australian government, after massive debates in and out of parliament, decided that cigarettes should be sold in plain packets, marked only with shocking health warnings.
So there could be arguments both ways: that shock and trauma are sometimes elements of educational catharsis, or that deliberately exposing a class to shocking material without warning as a teaching strategy violates professional norms.
What I like about photography is that I can make myself as open as possible to what the place has to offer obviously you can't avoid having a point of view, but you can be confronted by beautiful, novel, confusing, or shocking things without warning.
"At first blush, they appear to be more about shocking and repelling than warning," Judge Leon added in a footnote.
