Neither focus of infection nor presence of shock or emergency surgery before admission influenced syndecan-1, thrombomodulin or protein C quartiles (data not shown).
However, conditions such as sepsis, shock or major surgery can convey gut barrier failure [ 3] and may result in the leakage of the antibiotics from the gut into the blood.
A variety of recent publications demonstrated conditions without infection that induce PCT (e.g. cardiogenic shock, major surgery including cardiac surgery, accidental trauma, pancreatitis, or burn trauma) [ 8, 10- 16, 16- 19].
However, both parameters are also induced independent from infection (for example following cardiogenic shock, major surgery, or mechanical trauma) [ 1, 3, 17, 18].
Severity of underlying disease did not differ in patients with septic or cardiogenic shock or those following surgery or others.
Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a major cause of acute renal failure occurring after hemorrhagic shock or major cardiovascular surgery [1].
Pulse pressure variation (PPV) has been recommended to evaluate the cardiac responsiveness to fluid infusion in mechanically ventilated patients with sepsis shock or following cardiac surgery.
Previous studies have already shown that lactate infusion was responsible for an improved myocardial function in patients with septic shock or after cardiac surgery [ 4, 8, 9].
For instance, immediate emergency surgery, hemorrhagic shock, or trauma-induced coagulopathy are the reasons for not installing ICP monitoring during the early course of trauma management.
