It is found that the shock stand-off distance is affected by both chemical and thermal non-equilibrium.
In this paper two important properties of hypersonic flow, shock stand-off distance and oxygen dissociation, are studied using the quasi-one-dimensional model with the ideal dissociating gas model.
The shock stand-off distance will increase when the flow conditions are changed from equilibrium to non-equilibrium, because the average density of the shock-compressed gas will decrease as a result of the increase in translational energy.
But once a good Lorentz force's effect on the boundary layer is guaranteed, the thermal protection performance can be further improved with an enlarged shock stand-off distance by strengthening the counter-flow Lorentz force right after shock.
The main aim of the present work is to study the interplanetary characteristics of metric and DH type II associated CMEs such as, shock strength, IP shock speed, ICME speed, stand off distance and transit time.
Suspect stand off in car.
Stand off to the side somewhere.
(The plastic stand offs point upward).
