Bioclimatic models aimed assessing a species' sensitivity to climate change incorporate mean shifts in climate variables; however the more acute threat to the persistence of species may result from increased frequency of extreme climatic events, including increased duration and severity of droughts.
The significant shifts in climate variables projected for the 21st century, coupled with the observed impacts of ongoing extreme weather and climate events, ensures that adaptation to climate change is set to remain a pressing issue for urban areas over the coming decades.
Time series studies have shown that some bacterial taxa occur only at specific times of the year while others are ubiquitous in spite of seasonal shifts in environmental variables.
Ernhart is critical about the "peculiar" increase in sample size and shifts in demographic variables in the Rochester study.
The aim was to estimate the survival advantage seen in cases that were screen detected compared with those diagnosed symptomatically and attribute this to shifts in prognostic variables or survival differences specific to prognostic categories.
In addition to the limitation in the HOME data, information regarding this cohort at 3 and 5 years of age reflects peculiar shifts in demographic variables, including race and maternal education (Canfield et al. 2003; Canfield RL, Henderson CR, Lanphear BP, Cory-Schlecta DA, Smith EG, Cox C, unpublished data).
We also tested for relationships between 'contrasts' in these same variables, which provides a test for directional shifts in one variable concurrent with a change in the other (i.e. current-year-GS minus previous-year-GS, versus current-year-resources minus previous-year-resources).
A 13-class sliding scale with classes from −6 to +6 was developed to translate these changes into shifts in the indicator variables.
When used along with data on the timing of drinking events, this assessment approach can yield several indicators of alcohol use, such as frequency and quantity of drinking as well as level of intoxication, that can be used to study patterns of drinking over time as well as the influence of shifts in other momentary variables (e.g., mood, motivations, and context) on these patterns.
For example, it allows for shifts in the outcome variable over time and for an unbalanced cluster design.
Technology drivers, shifts in delivery, emerging context variables, and new business models are attracting the one thing that matters most to innovation and scale--money.
