Although production of the maps ceased in 2003 after a new city law shifted liability in most sidewalk-injury cases to the adjacent property owners, the maps are still being used in thousands of lawsuits that predate the change.
It's now been one year since the U.S. shifted liability for card-related fraud from card issuers to merchants, which prompted the widespread adoption of EMV.
After a two-day strike in September against General Motors by the United Auto Workers, GM reached an agreement on a new contract with the UAW in which the company would shift liabilities for UAW-retiree health care into an independent trust.
The settlements last week involve complaints contending that Lehman provided misleading information about its financial condition in the year before its collapse, most importantly involving the so-called Repo 105 transactions that temporarily shifted liabilities off of its balance sheet.
Lloyd's ran up $15 billion in losses over five years until it admitted corporate members in 1994 and shifted liabilities to a special bailout vehicle called Equitas.
In order to look like it could borrow $30 for every dollar of its own money, Lehman shifted liabilities off its books at the end of each quarter.
But he was startled, he said, to find an additional charge of $22.99 a day for a collision damage waiver, shifting the liability from the renter to the car rental company if the car is damaged or stolen.
Shifting the liability to the manager leads to a reduction in managerial compensation, lower levels of tax evasion, and lower managerial effort.
As a result, the nation's mortgage market is quietly undergoing a radical and potentially risky transformation that shifts liability for hundreds of billions of dollars on to the government's books.
But in absorbing variation, such stabilizing architectures also hide it from view, and a sensitizing change in the stabilizer that shifts liability outside the zone of canalization can have a dramatic effect on the phenotype.
