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In contrast, ecological resilience as an emergent systemic property is a highly complex phenomenon, which complicates the prediction when a shift to an alternative regime can occur.
They also granted the Obama Administration the $3.8 billion it sought for the new Constellation launcher pending a decision by the White House on whether to continue work on that option or shift to an alternative.Within the agency's science budget, lawmakers provided $25 million to begin work on a replacement to the Orbiting Carbon Observatory, which landed in the ocean earlier this year.
In such systems, small changes or disturbances may push the ecosystem beyond a critical threshold, causing a sudden shift to an alternative state [1], [3].
This could be the result of virus-induced reductions in the expression of full-length APP or a shift to an alternative APP processing pathway triggered specifically by HSV-1 infection (see Figure 1).
Given that the size of the basin of attraction around a state corresponds to the maximum perturbation that the state can undergo without a shift to an alternative stable state [20], [29], the results in Figure 3 can thus be taken to imply that culicine filariasis is more resilient to extinction-causing perturbations compared to the anopheline-parasite system.
In a critical transition, a system is pushed over a threshold resulting in a self-propagating shift to an alternative regime.
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Although PAGA was satisfactory as a routine fixative and not particularly expensive, an abrupt shortage of technical help led to a shift to a commercial alternative to formalin.
Similarly, if the cells shift to an anoxic metabolism format, alternative terminal electron acceptors are required in order to support the provision of cellular energy.
Three studies also examined the additional costs and benefits associated with shifting to a competing alternative using incremental analysis to estimate incremental cost-effectiveness ratios.
NatCap is using InVEST to assess how many resource-intensive livelihoods in farming, forestry, herding, and other fields could be supported sustainably in a certain area under given practices, and to evaluate how shifting inhabitants to an alternative mix of livelihoods would impact natural capital and ecosystem services.
The lack of a growth defect in the chim_can, chim_alt1, and chim_can+alt1 parasite clones proved that cleavage at the canonical or 38/42alt1 sites is not essential; blocking cleavage at one or both positions simply shifted cleavage to an alternative available 38/42 site.
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