A characteristic colour change can also be brought about through the application of a quencher, such as tryptophan, or even by simply soaking the printed image in water for as little as 1−2 min, during which time γ-CD and the CBA are washed away to some extent, thus shifting the equilibria.
The continuous consumption of Ni2+ and OH− in the membrane growth shifts the equilibria of etching reactions, which may enable the control of shape and composition of etched nanoparticles.
Varying the molar ratio of αB crystallin∶tubulin regulated the assembly of microtubules by shifting the equilibria between αB crystallin and tubulin which had important functional consequences for the actions of αB crystallin.
The additional molecules of Chl b in LHCII would further enhance this effect by shifting the equilibria toward complex formation.
Molecular crowding agents increase the apparent local concentration of components by excluding volume, shifting the equilibria of biomolecular interactions in favor of associated states.
Inspection of Equations (23) shows that the differential equation for the slow variable ct contains a term that is linear in c, one of the fast variables, and this feature is not changed by the transformation required to shift the branch of equilibria to the origin (which is linear for the c component).
The latter consists of shifting the molecular equilibria by electric field toward the more polar forms.
For example, exposure of an encrypted image (Fig. 6g, centre) to aqueous solutions of non-fluorescent AdMe·Cl or γ-CD changes the existing colour gradient of the image, while printing fluorescent PyMe·Cl aqueous solution creates new colours, such as blue and purple by shifting the complex equilibria.
Furthermore, RNase A and DNase I digests of the 'dimeric' complexes formed by the core enzyme failed to shift the 'monomer'–'dimer' equilibria (Figure 2).
In principle, applying a layer of authentication agent(s) can re-establish the supramolecular equilibria in solution and shift the colour outputs (Fig. 5) on paper non-linearly, as described by equations (1) and (2).
