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Scenario analysis demonstrates that management strategies which focus on minimizing the invasive nature of park infrastructure and enhance biophysical restoration, can significantly increase beach conservation value, and shift sites into the conservation zone.
Two frameshifts, in the cox3 and nad6 genes, were not corrected by RNA editing, but rather possessed identical shift sites marked by the extremely rare tryptophan codon (UGG) followed by the common glycine codon (GGA) in the +1 frame.
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In this method, two types of sites, namely rate shifting sites [ 27] and conservation shifting sites [ 26] are detected and a combined measure is calculated to assess the level of function shift between the sub-groups under consideration.
Such changes are detected through one of two signals, consistent with changes in rates at a site (rate-shifting sites or type I functional divergence) or changes in conservation at a site (conservation-shifting sites or type II functional divergence).
The high stringency cut-offs used in this figure highlight the most significantly shifted sites (Fig. 4B arrows).
In order for the algorithms to calculate shifting sites, the sequences need to segregate into their predicted groups.
Function shift analysis calculates the number of rate and conservation shifting sites (RS Sand CSS, respectively) that exist between two given protein groups.
The function shift analysis of sub-group A against sub-group B (using standard cut-offs of 4 for RSS and 0.5 for CSS) resulted in the prediction of 81 rate shifting sites (RSS) (22% of all positions) and 60 conservation shifting sites (CSS) (17%) between them (see Additional file 3, rifins.html, for the full alignment).
Similar shifts have also been observed between the RIFIN A and B sub-families, with four highly significant shifts in cysteine conservation, and seven shifted sites detected within the RIFIN TM domain [ 17].
A more stringent analysis of these shifted sites (see Additional file 4, rigins_high.html) identified specific residues about 15 AA ahead of and within the PEXEL motif with significant physical and chemical property changes.
As predicted for the A and B type RIFINs [ 17, 49], we found high proportions of rate and conservation shifting sites between the two major CIR sub-families, providing further support for the idea of functional divergence.
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