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Replacing the positively charged residues of this sequence by negative ones (EIEEE) resulted in a −45 mV shift of the voltage dependence of activation.
Moreover, KCR1 caused a hyperpolarization shift of the voltage of half-maximal IHCN2 activation (V0.5 for IHCN2 and IHCN2+KCR1(1:2) was −58.5±4.8 mV, n = 6, vs. −89.7±4.9 mV, n = 5, p = 0.001, with the slope factor k being unchanged: −15.8±3.0 mV and −12.4±2.7 mV, respectively; Figure 4B).
Is it a consequence of a time-dependent shift of the voltage dependence of activation/inactivation? Second, as shown in Figure 2, intensity of drug effects seems to be quite variable.
Patch clamp measurements on Nav1.5-expressing TsA201 cells revealed that the CA-AMPK mutant caused a slowing of channel inactivation and a hyperpolarizing shift of the voltage activation curve, which could provide the explanation for the CA-AMPK-induced action potential prolongation.
This finding differs from the expected effect of changes in cyclic adenosine monophosphate, and therefore of autonomic signaling, which would lead to a shift of the voltage of half-activation without modulation of the maximal achievable conductance at the most negative voltage steps.
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Three different functional features were identified: current reduction of macroscopic conductance, left shift of the voltage-dependent activation and induction of resurgent currents at negative voltages following brief, strong depolarizations.
However, cGKII induced a hyperpolarizing shift of the voltage-dependence of activation of HCN2 currents in the presence of cGMP.
The C-terminal KCNE1 mutations also caused a more pronounced rightward shift of the voltage-dependence of activation (VDA) when compared to wild type KCNE1 (Figure 3).
Notably Singh and colleagues found that deletion of the C-terminal domain not only restored robust CDI but also induced a strong hyperpolarizing shift of the voltage-dependence of Cav1.4 activation.
β-Toxins induce a hyperpolarizing shift of the voltage-dependence of activation via a voltage-sensor trapping mechanism, whereby toxin-mediated interactions stabilize a persistently-activated conformation of the channel domain II voltage sensor [6,7].
Addition of PI 4,5 P2 to the cytosolic side of the patch then results in an ∼100-fold increase in the affinity of TRPM4 for Ca2+ and a significant leftward shift of the voltage-dependent activation curve (Nilius et al, 2006).
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