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In short, the last half century has seen a massive shift of the burden of federal taxation off business and onto individuals.
Another was the shift of the burden to local authorities, presented as giving them more freedom as well as more responsibility.
The tax structure imposed by Washington on the US over the last half-century has seen a massive double shift of the burden of taxation: from corporations to individuals and from the richest individuals to everyone else.
Every expert I talked to spoke about the possible shift of the burden of pensions away from National Insurance payments to the welfare system.
In the case of hippocampal-dependent declarative memories, non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM, stages 1-4), slowifically slowaveve sleep (SWS, combined stages 3 & 4), is thought to facilitate the shift of the burden of memory reactivation from short term dependence on hippocampal areas to long term stores in the neocortex, a process known as systems consolidation [9], [10].
Diaphragmatic dysfunction, a major driver of dyspnea and mortality, is associated with a shift of the burden of ventilation to extradiaphragmatic inspiratory muscles, including neck muscles.
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In taking this case, the court had agreed to review a comparatively narrow question: the type of proof required to trigger the shifting of the burden to the defendant in a mixed-motive age-discrimination case.
The most important difference between the two cases is not the science but the shifting of the burden of proof from the IAAF to show advantage to Rehm, who must show the absence of advantage.
The shifting of the burden of taxation from the rich to the poor has been one of the raft of neoliberal economic reform policies.
The shifting of the burden of proof for the protection of human health and the environment from the regulator to the industry was challenging and time-consuming because industry had to adapt to these concepts and introduce suitable processes.
In April, Labour's sexual violence spokesperson Poto Williams called for a shifting of the burden of proof in sexual assault cases, so that police took the stance of believing victims as a starting point.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com