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Paired and unpaired estimates of the median shift in test scores between groups were made with the Hodges-Lehmann extension of the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test.
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New approaches for toxicity testing: The US National Research Council report on 'Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century' (Krewski et al. 2010) envisioned a shift in testing away from studies of apical endpoints in test animals to the use of human cells to assess perturbations of toxicity pathways (TPs).
These shifts in testing practices led to several studies into the impact of computerizing high-stakes, proctored assessments in both K-12 (Kingston 2008; Wang et al. 2007a; 2007b) and university settings (Prisacari and Danielson 2017; Čandrlić et al. 2014; Wellman and Marcinkiewicz 2004; Anakwe 2008; Clariana and Wallace 2002).
The performance in SD could not be the predicted performance in the final ED shift in this test.
The shift in HIV testing policy in the UK from opt-in to opt-out testing 12 has been associated with unprecedented increases in testing at the community level 13, 14, a drop in undiagnosed HIV infection 15, and potentially, given the likely transferability of findings from the USA, a corresponding reduction in onwards transmission 16.
In our opinion, the identification of IR-metabolic disruptors is more achievable in the near future using the pathway-based approach, in line with the ongoing shift in toxicity testing strategies from traditional adverse effect based screening toward mechanism-based testing (NRC 2007b).
The shift in HIV testing approach has further reduced the proportion of women not receiving HIV counselling and testing.
Even the presence of anaemia (<12.0 g per 100 ml for women and <13.3 g per 100 ml for men) produces a shift in post-test probability to 21.6% (assuming a prior probability of 7.0%), a level that requires further diagnostic testing before colorectal cancer diagnosis is confirmed.
This prompted the WHO to call for a shift in HIV testing approach [ 6].
By virtue of increased complexity, this paradigm shift in genetic testing has been accompanied by new challenges in sequence interpretation.
Building on this foundation, the NRC published a report that outlined and established support for a gradual paradigm shift in toxicity testing (NRC 2007).
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