It takes into account the shifting costs of the individuals, and rewards them according to their shifting efficiency.
Performance was assessed in terms of the shifting efficiency measure proposed by Cianchetti, Corona, Foscoliano, Scalas, and Sannio-Fancello, (2005).
For instance, a participant who has made all five shifts in 100 trials would receive a shifting efficiency score of 5*6 + (120 100) = 50.
Similar to the WCST, performance on the ERST was assessed based on shifting efficiency (how successfully the respondent shifted from the first to the second rule and back again).
As on the WCST, poorer shifting efficiency and a higher incidence of perseverative errors were observed among participants with higher ASD trait scores when manually categorizing emotion-related stimuli.
Participants with high ASD traits had poorer shifting efficiency and more perseverative errors, thus yielding further support for the association between supervisory processes, such as cognitive flexibility, and social-cognitive abilities (Fisher & Happe, 2005; Ozonoff, 1997; Pellicano, 2007).
Furthermore, there was a significant main effect of group on shifting efficiency on the WCST, F 1, 67) = 15.51, p <.001, ηp = 0.19, with low AQ participants (M = 26.62, SD = 16.15) demonstrating superior performance in comparison to high AQ participants (M = 12.63, SD = 13.26).
Finally, analysis returned a significant main effect of group on shifting efficiency on the ERST, F 1, 67) = 26.30, p <.001, ηp = 0.28, with low AQ participants (M = 4.29, SD = 4.00) performing better than high AQ participants, who performed at near floor level (M =.51 SD = 1.70).
However, a small number of published studies have shown that changing the inlet blade angle can shift the efficiency characteristic to bring improvements at off-design conditions.
There is a direct link between energy security and climate change mitigation actions that focus on fuel switch options, such as biofuels and electrification [40, 46, 66] and demand side measures, such fuel efficiency, shift to more efficient transport modes and compact urban design [10, 49 79].
