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The oviduct of the squid is terminally modified to form a shell gland.
Fertilization takes place above the shell gland, which may be immense or almost undifferentiated.
The shell gland leads to a narrow muscular vagina that empties into the cloaca.
AVT receptor gene expression in the shell gland also followed the same pattern.
Beyond the shell gland the oviducts terminate in an enlargement, which, in viviparous species, serves as a uterus.
The eggs then move down the oviduct past the shell gland, where they are covered by a shell or capsule.
It is suggested that in addition to increased hypothalamic AVT transcript and peripheral release, local synthesis of AVT in the shell gland (paracrine release) may contribute to the contraction of shell gland smooth muscles during egg laying.
This region, called the magnum in birds, secretes albumen; lizards and snakes do not form albumen. Behind the albumen-secreting region is a shell gland.
In birds, the shell gland is at the posterior end, has thick muscular walls, and is often inappropriately called a uterus.
In this case, the egg is first coated in the shell gland with a temporary membranous capsule that lasts only during early development.
However, AVT gene expression in the shell gland, unlike that of hypothalamus was higher at −2 h compared to 0 and +2 h of oviposition.
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