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Plasma sheet boundary layer represents the complicated dynamical region filled by the transient plasma structures.
The ESWs are observed near diffusion region and near the plasma sheet boundary layer (PSBL).
Geothermal flux is one of the most dynamically critical ice sheet boundary conditions but is extremely difficult to constrain at the scale required to understand and predict the behavior of rapidly changing glaciers.
ESWs have been observed along the plasma sheet boundary and near diffusion region, both earthward and tailward of the x-line.
Ion beams observed in the plasma sheet boundary layer (PSBL), cusp, and on the auroral zone field lines are expected to have spatial gradients in their drift velocity.
While the spacecraft were located in the plasma sheet boundary layer, the magnetic field data from the four spacecraft detected a cavity of close to zero magnetic field.
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Some areas within ice sheet boundaries retain pre-existing landforms and thus either remained as ice free islands (nunataks) during glaciation, or were preserved under ice.
However, these horizontal graphene sheets do not collapse in a uniform and completely flat manner, as can be seen in Fig. 1b where some of the sheets have edges raised from the surface that appear brighter in the image (owing to charging effects) and show some of the sheet boundaries.
Following the mentioned and other works, we simulate graphene with the aid of the resistive-sheet boundary condition together with the Kubo formula for the graphene electron conductivity.
We perform such a study using the electromagnetic boundary value problem (BVP), which includes the resistive-sheet boundary condition originally derived for thinner-than-skindepth imperfect (partially transparent) metal layers [6, 7].
This discontinuity may be seen as unnatural, but it has been shown in a magnetohydrodynamical calculation that such a discontinuity can appear at the inner plasma-sheet boundary through penetration of the convective electric field during a substorm's growth phase (Voigt 1986).
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