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Cooke accused Kelly of denationalising Scottish literature, and went on to pursue the frankly bizarre view that the Scots have a shared inheritance of the Highland clearances – "a deep underlying motor" – that is comparable to the Jewish inheritance of the Holocaust.
With or without obvious or demonstrable function, features in common among organisms can be referred to simply as "homologies", in the sense of being similarities due to shared inheritance of developmental programs from a common ancestor (Futuyma 2009: 560; see also Mayer 2014).
Yet, DNA is still portrayed as fundamental: in a public lecture held in celebration of the completion of the HGP, Collins characterized the HGP as "an amazing adventure into ourselves, to understand our own DNA instruction book, the shared inheritance of all humankind".[23] While virtually all biologists disavow genetic determinism today, it is not always so clear what exactly they are denying.
Linkage mapping uses shared inheritance of polymorphism and linked markers within families of known ancestry.
Markers that are on the same chromosome as a causative locus can be in linkage disequilibrium with the causative locus due to shared inheritance of physically linked markers.
It has, however, been used in taxonomy as the main morphological character to define several traditional genera, such as Microcoleus, Schizothrix or Hydrocoleum [3], with the tacit phylogenetic implication that rope-building is a synapomorphy, a case of shared inheritance of this trait in the present-day descendants of a common ancestor that built such ropes.
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Whenever possible the parental allele inherited by each child is determined, and this information is clustered into genomic blocks of presumed shared inheritance to obtain genome-phasing information.
Given that the underlying distribution of no CH run lengths conforms to an exponential distribution the likelihood of observing, in the absence of shared inheritance, a run length of >5 cM is <10-6 and >7 cM is <5 × 10-9.
These are also homologous with the bones of human arms, dog legs, and whale flippers because homology is defined on the basis of shared inheritance, not function (Wagner 2007).
Furthermore, to exclude a potential bias resulting from the nonindependence of the phylogenetic relationships, where phylogenetic inertia (closely related species tend to be similar because of shared inheritance rather than through independent adaptation) might have compromised our analyses (Harvey and Pagel 1991; Fisher and Owens 2004).
However, these observations could potentially be explained by the random genomic drift hypothesis (Nozawa et al. 2007; Nei et al. 2008), and phylogenetic inertia closely related species tend to be similar because of shared inheritance rather than independent adaptation (Harvey and Pagel 1991; Fisher and Owens 2004).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com