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For between species comparisons, the program SITES [ 61] was used to estimate net divergence between species [ 62] and the number of shared polymorphisms and fixed differences.
DnaSP, version 4 [ 47], was used to calculate shared polymorphisms and fixed differences [ 48] between the isolate collections, and F ST values [ 49] were calculated using Arlequin, version 2, [ 50].
In particular, we focus on how project uncertainty, buying company effort share, and buyer risk aversion influence three contractual decisions: total investment level, revenue share and fixed fee.
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Shared, unique, and fixed nucleotide differences at the R-loci between species were calculated using a perl script written by the authors.
The number of fixed, shared, and polymorphic mutations in one chromosomal background that are monomorphic in the other chromosomal background were also obtained using DnaSP.
The future of capitalism — whether it's working for most Americans, why its benefits are so unequally shared, and how it can be fixed — is one of the central political questions of our time.
As summary statistics in the species divergence scenarios, we used the averages of Watterson's θ, Tajima's D, and the number of haplotypes in each population and in the combined data, as well as Wright's F ST and the numbers of shared, fixed, and private polymorphisms.
Table 1 shows the total numbers of replacement and silent polymorphisms that are shared or fixed between pairs of species, across immunity and non immunity related genes.
