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Our findings show how functional complexity could be a factor in shaping the evolutionary landscape and how the evolutionary history of a species constrains its future functionality.
Consistent with previous findings13, we found that enzootic maintenance (in situ evolution) seems to be the main mechanism shaping the evolutionary dynamics of YFV genotype I modern-lineage circulating in Trinidad and Tobago and Venezuela.
Recent studies have shown that both small-scale point mutations and large-scale genome changes can play important roles in shaping the evolutionary history and population structure of closely related lineages/species [8] [10; for recent reviews, see 5, 11].
The fundamental biology of oxidative damage and the physiology of antioxidant defense have been at the focus of a large body of biomedical literature (e.g. [3]), but the role of prevention or repair of oxidative damage in shaping the evolutionary ecology and behavior of organisms in the wild has been fully appreciated only recently (see [8] [11]).
Figure 8 shows a summary of the main forces shaping the evolutionary landscape of this genus.
What role, if any, would the population's effective size play in shaping the evolutionary pathway?
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Ecological interactions between fire and grazing have shaped the evolutionary history of grassland ecosystems.
Thus, trees provide information about the pattern of speciation (the formation of new species) and, in turn, this pattern can be used to infer how coevolution has shaped the evolutionary paths of species.
Although it was expected that students would learn how directional selection shapes the evolutionary trajectory of phenotypes through the hand-throwing experiment, it was difficult to incorporate the concept of speciation into the protocol.
While it is well known that environment has shaped the evolutionary trajectory of microbial life, in few places is it as clear as in the greater Yellowstone hydrothermal systems where microorganisms are directly tied to environmental energy and nutrient sources.
Such conflicting selective pressures shape the evolutionary dynamics of the virus and its population diversity.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com