Strong gender differences in perceived safety shape activity and exercise patterns; parents' greater restriction of girls' geographic range in U.S. cities shapes exposure paradigms, exercise, experience, and developmental opportunity (Katz 1993).
Patients' experiences were therefore firmly embedded within narratives of violence and exclusion [ 27] and, in some cases, illustrated the cumulative effect of disadvantage which also shaped exposure to risk and behavioural choices [ 15, 16].
Gendered home activities shape exposures to cooking exhaust and cleaning products, behaviors and home characteristics that vary by social class, climate, and culture.
The practice of vaginal douching may also play a role in shaping chemical exposure disparities, since black women report douching more frequently than white and Mexican American women [ 18, 19].
SSDs were developed for the metallic ENMs grouped by surface coating, size, shape, exposure duration, light exposure, and different toxicity endpoints.
In racially stratified societies, social classification based on the perception of race shapes exposure to many environmental factors related to blood pressure, including SES, residential context, interpersonal discrimination, and structural constraints on health-related behaviors [45] [47].
These studies imply that social classification shapes exposure to stressors related to blood pressure, but they do not address directly the relative importance of social classification versus genetic ancestry.
If African ancestry is associated with socially defined race [61], and socially defined race shapes exposure to environmental influences on human biology [62], then studies that ignore or underestimate the implications of social classification are likely to be confounded by unmeasured environmental factors [16].
Areas of residence matter because their physical, social and structural features shape exposure to stressors and access to resources consequential to health.
SES is a powerful force that shapes exposure to a host of biomedical, environmental, and psychosocial factors that influence health (Link and Phelan 1995).
