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This is achieved by sliding the semi-landmarks in the direction that reduces shape variance but always constraining them on the curve or surface.
The effects of habitat type in the MANCOVAs explained a high degree of partial shape variance: 66.0% for head shape and 65.4% for body shape.
The main direction of shape variance was calculated as the first eigenvector (V1) of the variance-covariance (VCV) matrix of the FCs.
The overlapping of different groups, according with PCs 1 and 2 (Fig. 1A), would indicate most of shape variance is among crania rather than among groups; however, such overlapping is not uncommon when populations geographically and genetically related are compared.
PC2 and PC3 account for approximately 12%and10%0% of additional shape variance, respectively.
PCA scatter-plot illustrating shape variance on PC1 and PC2 for T12/T13 vertebrae.
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Furthermore, we also extended the algorithm to model within-individual and between-individual shape variances separately.
The sampling of the initial populations may affect the evaluation of morphometric parameters such as mean shape and variance, and even more the estimation of directions of main variation and allometry [30], [31].
St Kilda also possessed an endemic subspecies of the house mouse, Mus musculus muralis, which was longer, hairier, coloured differently and had a skull shape at variance to the norm.
Levels of shape variation were recorded as the sum of the variance of each shape variable.
Major QTL for landmark coordinates defining body shape variation also were identified on LG21, with each explaining ≥15% of variance in body shape.
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