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Republicans and Democrats are bickering over the size and shape of the benefit, which might cost taxpayers more than $200 billion in the next decade, but both sides assume generics will save money.
We analyse public goods games in which the shape of the benefit function can evolve, in order to determine the optimal and evolutionarily stable Hill coefficients.
Our results suggest that, even when the shape of the benefit function is unknown, biological public goods should be modelled using a sigmoid or step function rather than a linear or concave function.
As we have seen, extinction of the producer cells is possible, depending on the shape of the benefit function, if the cost/benefit ratio of producing the growth factor is high enough, group size is large enough and if the initial amount of non-producer cells is above a critical threshold.
The relative importance of these two effects depends on the shape of the benefit function, that is on the value of s (the steepness of the benefit function), and on the cost of production (c): low s and c favor the stability of the mixed equilibrium, whereas high s and c make the mixed equilibrium less robust to random fluctuations.
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A major reason for the convoluted shape of the drug benefit is that Congress and President Bush wanted to limit the cost to $400 billion over 10 years.
The results show that the roundish particle shape of CBLAs benefit the flow of concrete in fresh stage, and the strength of concrete with CBLAs has linear relation with its bulk density, and the cumulative mass loss profiles during freeze-thaw tests were influenced by the types of CBLAs.
Motivated by the respective advantages of adjusting size and shape of the Ag nanoparticles, the benefit of using GaAs as high index matrix and coupling with MWCNTs, we report on a novel system which considers three components: A decomposed GaAs surface, MWCNTs and Ag nanoparticles.
Again, these potentially major shifts are taking shape without the benefit of any apparent forethought.
They resisted well, kept their shape and had the benefit of their goals.
Media messages shape popular understandings of the benefits and limitations of male circumcision.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com