For fossils, these characters would include information about the size and shape and robustness of various bones, the presence of certain features, like a bump, or an opening for a vein or nerve.
We also show that different shapes exhibit different degrees of robustness with respect to its recovery.
Although these topologically distinct interactions among the kinases and their phosphatases are experimentally well characterized, how these interactions uniquely shape the robustness of the cascade output remains to be understood.
The difference in skull shape and robustness of the beak between commensal and non-commensal house sparrows is consistent with adaptations to process the larger and rachis encapsulated seeds of domesticated cereals among human associated populations.
We identified individuals to species based on Almaça's [ 21] qualitative traits, such as dorsal fin shape, robustness of the last dorsal spine, head shape, eye and mouth position, barbel length and coloration of body and fins.
Such integral invariants possess many desirable properties for practical applications, such as locality (which preserves local variations of a shape), inherent robustness to noise (due to integration), and allowing multiresolution analysis (by specifying the interval of integration).
Thus our studies provided a comparative demonstration of the significance of rewiring of connections between the kinases and phosphatases in shaping the robustness of the MAPK cascade.
Populations of L. guiraonis from the Bullent and Mijares rivers overlap with each other and with L. microcephalus for these specific meristic traits (numbers of scales and cephalic pores); however, these taxa are readily discriminated by other traits, such as position of the mouth, shape of the dorsal fin and robustness of the last simple dorsal ray (Fig. 2 and [ 22]).
The control objectives of robustness and good performance are achieved by using multiple robust loop shaping controllers.
Differences in interaction designs among the kinases and phosphatases can differentially shape the robustness and signal response behaviour of the MAPK cascade and phosphatase sequestration dramatically enhances the robustness to perturbations in each of the cascade.
