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By analogy, considering signal amplitude distribution, entropy is sensitive also to the shape of discrete signals amplitude distribution.
We will also demonstrate that our formulation removes artificial constraints on the shape of discrete elements and unifies commonly unrelated methods in a single computational framework.
The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of storage temperature on smoked Cheddar cheese surfaces for (1) the number of discrete visible crystals formed per unit of cheese surface area; (2) growth rate and shape of discrete crystals (as measured by area and circularity); (3) percentage of total cheese surface area occupied by crystals.
It is based on the search of a steady-state shape of discrete deformable contour under influence of an equilibrium of internal and external forces.
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Shape parameters such as span, height at the support, height at the internal joint, and the external moments are assigned to generate various shapes of discrete elastica, which are found by minimizing the total potential energy.
Recently, the so-called thrust network analysis derived from the force density method has been used to find the shape of a discrete membrane restrained to a given geometric limitation (Block 2009; Marmo and Rosati 2017).
The stall margin of the centrifugal compressor is used as the objective function, and three geometric parameters associated with the shape of the discrete cavities (the width and angle of the cavity port, and the axial distance between cavities) were selected as design variables.
The study provides a general and robust framework on effective characterization and packing of granular particles with complex shapes for discrete modelling of granular media.
A finite element discretization of discrete elements allows for complex shapes of fully deformable discrete elements with geometric and material nonlinearities to be considered.
Such as the influence laws of the shape and mechanical parameters of discrete object on the plastic deformation of the continuum could be obtained.
Based on the Akaike Information Criterion (AICc), the GTR+Γ+I model (general time-reversible) [ 71] with a proportion of invariant sites (28.6% invariant sites) [ 72] and rates at other sites varying according to a gamma distribution (gamma shape = 0.53, number of discrete gamma categories = 4) best described the 12S sequence data [ 73, 74].
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