For many applications not only the final shape, but also the pattern evolution from the initial into the reflow shape (Figure 2) depending on material and process parameters would be of interest.
The shape evolution originates from the different adsorption capabilities of theses ions in various planes during the growth of the particle [53].
The shape evolution probably derived from the fact that the vertex atoms of the nanotriangles are more labile than other surface atoms, and they will migrate to the sides of the triangle to lower the surface energy [32].
This suggests that wing shape evolution involves departures from random divergence, such as convergence, as well as differences in rate.
Thus a nuanced understanding of avian wing shape evolution requires information from fossils to constrain evolutionary rates and ancestral character states in deep time [ 7, 8] as a potential explanation for the current ecological and phylogenetic diversity of birds [ 9].
The advantage of the Solid-by-Solid model is that complex three-dimensional shape evolution accompanying void formation (from point defects to macro voids) can be simulated without the difficulty of treating moving boundaries.
Besides, an interesting shape evolution of Cu2O crystals from cubes, truncated octahedra, octahedra, and finally to nanospheres was realized by reducing the copper-citrate complex solution with glucose in low-temperature synthesis [9].
By introducing ammonium chloride as electrolyte and varying the volume ratios of hydrazine hydrate to ethylenediamine, shape evolution of hexagonal NiSe crystals from small hexagonal microdisks to hexagonal microdisks in larger width, microspheres, hexagonal prisms and hexagonal bitowers is successfully achieved.
As the frequency increases, the shape evolution of the ME hysteresis loop from crescent to butterfly and ellipse was observed.
The island shape evolution is accompanied by a transition of the unit cell shape from parallelogram-like into rectangular.
