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Exact(49)
The reviewers examined four trials; three demonstrated no difference between real and sham procedures.
However, two scientifically conducted studies of vertebroplasty using sham procedures as a control found no benefit with respect to pain, disability or quality of life.
Furthermore, control animals showed no increase in IBP after the sham procedures.
Even so, their use is justified if blinding is deemed necessary, but impossible to achieve by sham procedures (placebo), and experimental treatment seems attractive to potential participants.
At the time of surgery bilateral VML injuries (or sham procedures) were performed and then each limb was randomized to no repair or repair with a ~50% volume replacement using an autologous minced muscle graft harvested from the contralateral (i.e., non-repaired) limb (Ward et al. 2016).
Twenty-four hours following the 2CLP or sham procedures, animals were observed for signs of distress (lethargy, porphyrin staining of the eyes and nose, tissue dehydration and inflammation), anesthetized (sodium pentobarbital, 55 mg/kg ip), the trachea cannulated, and the lungs mechanically ventilated.
Similar(11)
Both were randomised placebo-controlled trials in which the effect of acupuncture was compared with a sham procedure.
Trials on treatment for headaches took into account the placebo effect by comparing authentic acupuncture to a sham procedure.
The controls will be given a sham procedure, and compared with others who get the real thing.
The sham procedure, the surgical equivalent of a placebo drug, was the only way to answer the question.
Two recent randomized trials found that patients receiving two popular procedures for vertebral fractures, kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty, experienced no more relief than those receiving a sham procedure.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com