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Trials on treatment for headaches took into account the placebo effect by comparing authentic acupuncture to a sham procedure.
Both were randomised placebo-controlled trials in which the effect of acupuncture was compared with a sham procedure.
The controls will be given a sham procedure, and compared with others who get the real thing.
The sham procedure, the surgical equivalent of a placebo drug, was the only way to answer the question.
In fact, Trudie rethought Ms Martin's position herself, getting what the judgment described as "her minions" to institute a "sham" procedure whereby it could be established whether she should be laid off.
A popular operation for arthritis of the knee worked no better than a sham procedure in which patients were sedated while surgeons pretended to operate, researchers are reporting today.
A day or so later researchers reported that a popular operation for arthritis of the knee worked no better than a sham procedure that left patients thinking they had received treatment when in fact they had not.
Two recent randomized trials found that patients receiving two popular procedures for vertebral fractures, kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty, experienced no more relief than those receiving a sham procedure.
Half were picked at random to receive the treatment, and the other half underwent a "sham" procedure in which doctors did not actually use balloons.
The new randomized study is enrolling more than 500 patients with treatment-resistant hypertension and will include a sham procedure for patients in the control group.
Four other knees were subjected to a sham procedure.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com