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"In reality, the Links agreement -- which was not signed by anyone at the M.T.A. or Zar, but which in effect made them financially responsible for the costs incurred -- was a sham method to funnel money to the conspirators through the use of cash kickbacks and shell companies," according to a statement by Alan Vinegrad, the interim United States attorney for the Eastern District.
Finally, sham method (sham coil vs. angled coil) does not change placebo response – perhaps because both approaches, in fact, do not guarantee blinding.
Exploratory analyses show that sham response is associated with refractoriness and with the use of rTMS as an add-on therapy, but not with age, gender and sham method utilized.
The sham response is negatively associated with refractoriness and positively associated with rTMS add-on studies; whereas sham method utilized, age and gender are not associated with a greater sham response.
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54 To our knowledge, no consensus has been established to recommend valid placebo or sham methods of moxibustion so far.
Previous studies have advocated the sham rTMS method of coil tilt [23].
Another shortcoming is we did not check whether blinding was successful or not, though this sham blinding method was well established as blinded to the participants in a previous study [ 21].
Prior to initiating new trials, it is important assess the magnitude of the placebo effect of presently used sham rTMS methods.
Several sham TMS methods have been developed, but none of the techniques allows one to intermix real and sham TMS on a trial-by-trial basis in a double-blind manner.
Several sham acupuncture methods have been proposed for acupuncture trials.
Similar sham moxibustion methods have been reported by several other investigators [ 29, 30].
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