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Some kind of needling control, either non-penetrating sham needles, sham locations, minimal needles or a combination of the three were the most frequent choice of control.
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Few guidelines exist, however, for identifying appropriate sham point locations; the depth, direction, and duration of needle insertion; or the need for needle stimulation.
Sham group (SHAM).
This is in line with previous work, where the Illusory Flash effect has been shown to be more robust at a perifoveal location (Shams et al., 2002).
During the probe trial (Fig. 4D, right panel), TGI reduced memory retention or recall in mice injected with DMSO as indicated by the significantly (P < 0.05) reduced time spent swimming in the previous platform location (Sham-DMSO vs. TGI-DMSO).
This trial of 530 patients in 27 locations involves a sham procedure and should offer some more clarity regarding procedural efficacy and safety.
Within each of these categories, further refinement is possible based on the location of the sham points.
The lack of a worldwide consensus on the location and size of acupuncture points reinforces the importance of accurate documentation of the sham points actually used, their precise location and the method used to locate them.
Strikingly, we found a similar correlation between motor memory and spindle characteristics during the sham night for the same spindle frequencies and electrode locations.
The move to Guernsey is described as "burdensome" but Hands insists the move "is real, not a sham or a mere moniker for an otherwise unvisited location".
For animals undergoing a sham operation, the ligature was placed in an identical location but was not tied.
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