Five animals were subjected to sham experiments.
Sham experiments were performed by keeping the preparations for analogous times in the same experimental setup without applying a toxic medium.
Finally, in preliminary studies on patients using the percussor without (sham vibration stimulus) and with the right angle directional stroking adaptor (true vibration stimulus) to optimise the oscillatory effect, cough was only induced when the adaptor was applied whilst in sham experiments, no cough was observed.
There was no significant effect on uptake or viability due to laser exposure alone, incubation with CB nanoparticles alone ("sham" experiments), or pretreatment of CB nanoparticles with a strong laser exposure, which is also consistent with the mechanism involving laser energy transduction by CB nanoparticles.
Adult female Wistar rats (200 250 g) were submitted to PH induction by partial portal ligature (decrease of 50% of portal flow) or PH-sham surgery, and 2 days later were subject to a BT experiment (5 ml Escherichia coli R-6 1010 CFU/ml/100 g body weight confined to the small intestine) or a BT-sham experiment (saline only) under general anesthesia.
For the sham control experiment, the tissue sections were hybridized with rno-U6 probes or without rno-miR-21 probes as positive or negative controls, respectively.
"Sham" exposure experiments were carried out in the same apparatus without US.
For instance, the top dose of LCM (100 μg) did produce a reduction of the evoked neuronal response to vF 26 g and 48°C heat in some of the sham control experiments, but overall no effect reached significance compared with the mean predrug baseline neuronal response.
Sham operated controls (Experiment 1, n = 7; Experiment 2, n = 8) underwent the identical procedure receiving only the vehicle solution (sterile phosphate buffer).
For instance, Kim and colleagues (2005) used sham-controlled experiments to show that the apparent efficacy of cell-transplant surgical interventions in the treatment of Parkinson's disease was due to the placebo effect.
Kaplan Meier analysis (Fig. 3A) shows the percent of animals with a GTCS after first PTZ injection revealing significant differences among all three conditions (sham tDCS from Experiment I, LZP + sham, LZP + tDCS) by Log-rank (Mantel Cox) test (χ = 13; P = 0.0015).
