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Control rats were exposed to a sham environment otherwise the same condition except of cigarette burning [25].
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One tube was wrapped with 18 gauge insulated copper wire; the other was not wound and served as the sham exposure environment.
Sham group (SHAM).
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A small plastic trash can with shredded paper functions as a sham burrow and enriches the environment.
The SAS general linear model (SAS Institute, North Carolina) procedures for two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to examine effects of experimental conditions (mTBI vs. sham) and housing condition (enriched environment vs. control) on neuroinflammatory state (IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-10) and brain energy homeostasis (AMPK, p-AMPK, and uMtCK).
When an environmental effect was detected, but the interaction between environment x injury (SNI or Sham) was not significant, the values for enriched versus impoverished were compared by 1-tailed unpaired t-test for neuropathic and sham animals.
Interestingly, we observed a difference in hippocampal c-Fos activation in sham-treated runners following exposure to an environment soliciting anxiety, suggesting an additional functional correlate of the increased anxiety.
In contrast, levels of both SP and CGRP were similar in sham animals housed in either enriched or impoverished environments.
They found that it solicited unlimited contributions to support candidates and then passed them through a "sham organization," the Bozeman-based political action committee The Coalition for Energy and the Environment that ran attack ads against Democrats.
After OGD, the OGD medium was replaced with sham medium (see Materials and methods), and cultures were returned to a normoxic environment.
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