Sentence examples for sham applications from inspiring English sources
All participants then received both real and sham applications of one of the three neurostimulation treatments in random order on different days.
Small dyspnea sensations were induced by cervical trachea (0.11 ± 0.04 point), chest wall (0.07 ± 0.03 point) and femoral muscle (0.09 ± 0.05 point) vibrations and sham applications (0.37 ± 0.12 point) by themselves even without inspiratory resistive loads.
In 18 dysphagic stroke patients (mean age: 66 ± 3 years, 3 female, time-post-stroke: 63 ± 15 weeks [±SD]), pharyngeal electromyographic responses were recorded after single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the pharyngeal motor cortex, to measure corticobulbar excitability before, immediately, and 30 min, after real and sham applications of neurostimulation.
Similarly, the effect of distraction was also unlikely because the sham application had no significant influence.
To analyze quality of dyspnea sensation during loaded, chi-square test was performed using sham application as a reference.
We also placed a non-vibrating tuning fork on the cervical trachea every 20 s as a sham application.
Two-way repeated ANOVA revealed that the dose response curve of cervical trachea and chest wall vibrations significantly differed from the sham application (p <0.01 and <0.005, respectively).
The order of the 3 sorts of vibration (cervical trachea, chest wall, femoral muscle) and sham application was randomly selected for each subject.
Data are mean ±S.D. Neither cervical trachea, chest wall nor femoral muscle vibrations as well as sham application induced cough by itself.
The present study examined the effect of specific dose of LLLT on pain release and mandibular function and found out that active laser is superior to sham application.
The urge-to-cough threshold during chest wall vibration (0.62 ± 0.07 g/L) was significantly greater than sham application (p <0.05) whereas it did not significantly differ from that during femoral muscle vibration.
